When integrating simple expressions, the constant of integration, the \(+ c\) term, may remain an unknown. The value of \(c\) can be worked out when additional information is given in the question, .

Studies properties and solutions of partial differential equations. Covers methods of characteristics, well-posedness, wave, heat and Laplace equations, Green's functions, and related integral ...

Differential equations are commonly used to model dynamical deterministic systems in applications. When statistical parameter estimation is required to calibrate theoretical models to data, classical ...